Serbian government tries to impose highly unpopular lithium mine, once again

The area designated for the highly contentious lithium mine (Image: CC)

There is an ongoing bitter battle in Serbia around a proposed lithium mine. This battle isn’t new – the current Serbian government approved the mine in 2021 and it is generally acknowledged that it was initially considered by the previous government too. Both governments have been deeply in the pockets of western imperialism. Hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets of Belgrade in 2021 and 2022, protesting and blockading the roads. Over 292,000 people signed a petition against the mine. The government was forced to back down, and in 2022 announced the project was stopped permanently.

Yet only two years later suddenly it’s back with force. The case was brought back to the Constitution court on 11th July which “found” that the ban was unconstitutional. It transpired that the ban had been intentionally carried out to be liable to legal challenge in the future. It also became apparent that Rio Tinto, the British-Australian mining company that is lined up to do the excavation, in the meantime submitted a request for overturning the ban. It is clear to many people that the whole thing has been orchestrated by the Serbian government in cohorts with Rio Tinto. But this time there is an added player, the German government, which for a long time has expressed an “interest” in Serbian lithium and now is heavily involved.

The mine is set to be in a populated, agricultural, green and beautiful area dotted with villages, streams and rivers, with exceptionally fertile soil and clean underground water reserves that supply the whole of western Serbia. The initial estimate of land coverage of the project would be up to 10 square miles. The damage brought about by the mine would be catastrophic. It would affect over 20 villages and about 20,000 people, many thousands would have to be displaced, mostly small farmers and their families who would lose their homes and livelihoods. People of Serbia would lose quality food produced by them. Water reserves would be contaminated with toxins from the mine, not just in that area but miles down the rivers, ultimately reaching the Sava and Danube rivers and the capital city Belgrade. It would mean the loss of many protected plant and animal species, cultural and historic sites. As catastrophic as it is, it would be just the beginning – the government has given exploration rights to a list of foreign mining companies in other locations, not just for lithium but gold, copper etc. This would literally mean leaving no area unaffected by mines and making Serbia unable to sustain life as it is. This is the lunacy of the Serbian regime.

Equally there is a controversy in the German claim that this would be done as part of the European “green transition”! Lithium is a component used in batteries for electric vehicles. Electric cars are less air polluting than combustion engine cars. But in assessing the overall impact on environment the manner of extraction of lithium has to be taken into account. It is normally not taken into account by the industry or governments because the extraction is done in very different places to the places where electric cars are normally sold and driven. The cars are promoted in western cities, where the more affluent middle classes can afford them. Lithium mining is normally done in neo-colonial countries of Africa or South America, or in Australian and North American deserts. The mine in Serbia would be the first and only one in a populated agricultural area.

Germany has three times more lithium deposits than Serbia. Some of it is in a brine form that can be extracted a lot more easily and with less pollution but research caused tremors and was stopped. Another research project of rock form lithium seems to be ongoing but without specific plans. Serbian lithium is a rare volcanic rock type and all independent research points to unavoidable environmental damage in case of extraction. The initial research drilling by Rio Tinto has already polluted some waterways and caused crop failure. Yet the German chancellor Scholz, and Rio Tinto, claim without any grounds that the mining will be done to the highest standards. Scholz visited the Serbian president Vučić on 19th July (very quickly after the Constitution court ruling!), along with the CEO of Rio Tinto, where they all signed a “Memorandum on critical raw materials”, which means Serbia handing over its mineral wealth and in turn getting pollution and devastation.

The people of Serbia are stunned by the hypocrisy. They have been sacrificed for the clean air in western European cities, by Germany and the EU, and sold off by their own government. There have been protests again in the last few days, so far mostly in smaller local towns. But the mobilisation all over the country is taking place. This is known to the government and the local authority, which decided not to put the project on the agenda in the recent council meeting in fear of consequences. The local anti-mining organisations have given a demand to the Vučić government, to put a constitutional ban on all lithium mining in Serbia. The deadline is 10th August, after which new mass protests and blockades would begin.
 
The German officials have been very clear in interviews on the reasons Germany is interested in Serbian lithium. They openly say that the project is of geopolitical importance. Serbian lithium is enough to cover 90% of current need in Europe. It is a way to end German car industry dependency on Chinese lithium, and to stop Serbia giving its lithium to China. Germany is also waving a carrot to president Vučić of possible EU membership in exchange for lithium. Vučić has said that he has no intention of giving lithium to China – this after giving many other mineral resources to Chinese companies. He continues to play “everybody’s friend”, balancing between imperialist powers in order not to make powerful enemies, and all in order to save his authoritarian regime at home.
‘Colonial’
Even some German and Austrian papers are calling the deal “colonial”, saying that Serbia is the new western “mining colony”. Some German commentators are asking why Scholz is doing business with a dictator. But the answer to that is obvious, German and other western governments, or the EU, have no objections to dictatorships who work for the interests of western big business. They only have objections to those that don’t. As for the Serbians, their view of the EU has been low for a long while, with majority against Serbia’s membership; now it’s even lower.
 
Capitalism is incapable of finding genuine solutions to the environmental degradation and climate change, the problem of its own making in the first place. The technologies it develops also have profit as the starting point. Capitalism excludes holistic overviews of all possible benefits or dangers, it also excludes democratic decisions by all people concerned. Decisions are made in boardrooms, behind the closed door, where the working class, small farmers and all ordinary people have no access. We must not be put in a situation to have to choose between two damaging options that the capitalist car industry imposes. Only in a genuinely democratic socialist society and economy, technologies that carry genuine benefit to all people and the planet will be developed.
 
We must also not allow that neo-colonial countries are made to pay for the faults of capitalism, just the same as the working class must not pay for the capitalist crisis. In Serbia there is a battle to stop it but this has been going on for a long time in western driven (and now also Chinese) extraction industry in Africa and other neo-colonial parts of the world, where toxic mining is polluting environment and with children working in mines, for products sold in the global North, many of which are used by the western governments to claim their “green credentials”. These “green” products include electric vehicles, at least those based on the lithium technology.
 
The Serbian government is extremely corrupt, with no interest in ordinary people. It has been selling resources (more accurately, giving away), as well as low paid workers, on the global capitalist market. The government even pays subsidies to foreign companies for each employed worker, where subsidies are often higher than the wages workers receive. The government is set to give subsidies to Rio Tinto too, effectively making Serbian people pay for their own destruction.
 
The anti-mining mobilisation is a hugely positive development, that sees the enemy in both the Serbian government and foreign imperialism. It is also significant that there is cooperation between activists across the Balkans, for now mostly from Serbia and Bosnia, which is also threatened by mining. Both Serbian and Bosnian governments see a threat in this and try to whip up nationalism.
It is not a coincidence at all that the Constitution court ruling was on 11th July, the day designated by the recent UN resolution on Srebrenica genocide (see link). The Serbian government used the day for flag waving and “defending Serbian people” from all sorts of imaginary enemies, like ordinary Bosnian people on the other side of the border, while literally at the same hour selling Serbian people and the country to the real enemy – the capitalist and imperialist powers.
 
The battle can be won, as it was won in 2021. But capitalism is by definition an oppressive and hierarchical system where the big and powerful exploit the weak. To make a lasting protection from all imperialist exploitation a change to a socialist economy is required. Low paid workers and their unions in Serbia should join with the small farmers in the struggle because the enemy is one and the same. However, socialism on the world scale would mean no imperialism at all and the CWI is committed to this task.

The Serbian regime will use every trick in the sleeve to get the project running. But the people are determined and confident – there will be no lithium mining.
U Srbiji se vodi ogorčena bitka oko predloženog rudnika litijuma. Ova bitka nije nova – aktuelna vlada Srbije je odobrila rudnik 2021. godine, a opšte je mišljenje da je o tome prvobitno razmišljala i prethodna vlada. Obe vlade su bile duboko u džepu zapadnog imperijalizma. Stotine hiljada ljudi izašlo je na ulice Beograda 2021. i 2022. godine, protestujući i blokirajući puteve. Više od 292.000 ljudi potpisalo je peticiju protiv rudnika. Vlada je bila prinuđena da odustane i tako je 2022. godine objavila da je projekat Jadar trajno zaustavljen.

Ipak, samo dve godine kasnije, projekat je ponovo na snazi. Slučaj je 11. jula vraćen Ustavnom sudu koji je „utvrdio“ da je zabrana bila neustavna. Ispostavilo se da je zabrana namerno sprovedena tako da u budućnosti može da se zakonski ospori. Takođe je postalo očigledno da je Rio Tinto, britansko-australska rudarska kompanija kojoj je dato da izvrši iskopavanje, u međuvremenu podnela zahtev za ukidanje zabrane. Mnogima je jasno da je celu stvar orkestrirala srpska vlada u dogovoru sa Rio Tintom. Ali ovog puta postoji još jedan igrač, naime nemačka vlada, koja već duže vreme izražava „interesovanje“ za srpski litijum i sada je u velikoj meri uključena u projekat.

Rudnik bi trebao da bude u naseljenom, poljoprivrednom, zelenom i prelepom kraju prošaranim selima, potocima i rekama, sa izuzetno plodnim zemljištem i čistim rezervama podzemnih voda koje snabdevaju čitavu zapadnu Srbiju. Početna procena pokrivanja zemljišta projekta bi bila do 2431 ha ili do 24 kvadratnih kilometra. Šteta koju bi rudnik izazvao bila bi katastrofalna. Uticaj rudnika bi bio na preko 20 sela i oko 20.000 ljudi, na hiljade ljudi bi moralo da bude raseljeno, uglavnom malih poljoprivrednika i njihovih porodica koji bi ostali bez svojih domova i sredstava za život. Narod Srbije bi izgubio kvalitetnu hranu koju oni proizvode. Rezerve vode bi bile kontaminirane toksinima iz rudnika, ne samo u tom području, već kilometrima niz reke, da bi na kraju stigle do reka Save i Dunava i glavnog grada Beograda. To bi značilo gubitak mnogih zaštićenih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta i kulturno-istorijskih objekata. Koliko god da bi ovaj rudnik bio katastrofalan, to bi bio samo početak – vlada je dala pravo na istraživanje nizu stranih rudarskih kompanija na desetinama drugih lokacija, ne samo za litijum, već i za zlato, bakar itd. Ako se ovi projekti sprovedu mala zemlja kao Srbija jednostavno ne bi više mogla da podrži život u sebi. Ovo pokazuje sumanutost srpskog režima.

Isto je tako kontroverzna nemačka tvrdnja da će projekat Jadar biti sproveden kao deo evropske „zelene tranzicije“! Litijum je komponenta koja se koristi u baterijama za električna vozila. Električni automobili manje zagađuju vazduh od automobila sa motorima na unutrašnje sagorevanje. Ali u proceni ukupnog uticaja na životnu sredinu mora se uzeti u obzir način ekstrakcije litijuma. Industrija ili vlade to obično ne uzimaju u obzir jer se ekstrakcija vrši na veoma različitim mestima od mesta gde se električni automobili prodaju i voze. Automobili se promovišu u zapadnim gradovima, gde imućnija srednja klasa može da ih priušti. Iskopavanje litijuma se obično obavlja u neokolonijalnim zemljama Afrike ili Južne Amerike, ili u australijskim i severnoameričkim pustinjama. Rudnik u Srbiji bi bio prvi i jedini u naseljenom poljoprivrednom području.

Nemačka ima tri puta više nalazišta litijuma od Srbije. Nešto od toga je u podzemnim vodama koji se može mnogo lakše izdvojiti i sa manje zagađenja, ali istraživanje je izazvalo potrese i odmah zaustavljeno. Postoji još jedan istraživački projekat litijuma u Nemačkoj, ali bez cpecifičnih planova. Srpski litijum je u retkom obliku vulkanske stene i sva nezavisna istraživanja ukazuju na neizbežnu ekološku štetu u slučaju vađenja. Prvo istraživačko bušenje koje je sproveo Rio Tinto već je zagadilo neke vodene tokove i izazvalo uništenje useva. Ipak, nemački kancelar Šolc i Rio Tinto neosnovano tvrde da će rudnik biti obavljen po ,,najvišim standardima”. Šolc je 19. jula (vrlo brzo nakon presude Ustavnog suda!) posetio predsednika Srbije Vučića, zajedno sa generalnim direktorom Rio Tinta, gde su svi potpisali „Memorandum o kritičnim sirovinama“, koji znači ni manje ni više nego da Srbija predaje svoja rudna bogatstva i zauzvrat dobija zagađenja i razaranja.


Narod Srbije je zapanjen ovim licemerjem. Nemačka i EU ih je žrtvovala za čist vazduh u zapadnoevropskim gradovima, dok ih je rasprodala sopstvena vlada. Poslednjih dana ponovo je bilo protesta, do sada uglavnom u manjim lokalnim mestima. Ali mobilizacija se odvija širom zemlje. To je poznato vladi u Beogradu kao i lokalnoj vlasti, koja je u strahu od posledica odlučila da projekat ne bude na dnevnom redu na nedavnoj sednici. Lokalne antirudarske organizacije su dostavile zahtev Vučićevoj vladi da ustavno zabrani svo rudarenje litijuma u Srbiji. Rok je 10. avgust, nakon čega se očekuje da će početi novi masovni protesti i blokade.
 
Nemački zvaničnici su u intervjuima vrlo jasni o razlozima zbog kojih je Nemačka zainteresovana za srpski litijum. Otvoreno kažu da je projekat od geopolitičkog značaja. Srpski litijum je dovoljan da pokrije 90% trenutnih potreba u Evropi. To je način da se prekine zavisnost nemačke automobilske industrije od kineskog litijuma i da se zaustavi mogućnost da Srbija preda svoj litijum Kini. Nemačka takođe maše šargarepom predsedniku Vučiću o mogućem članstvu u EU u zamenu za litijum. Vučić je rekao da nema nameru da daje litijum Kini – nakon što je kineskim kompanijama dao mnoge druge mineralne resurse. On nastavlja da igra „svačijeg prijatelja“, balansirajući između imperijalističkih sila kako ne bi stekao moćne neprijatelje, a sve da bi sačuvao svoj autoritarni režim kod kuće.

Čak i pojedini nemački i austrijski listovi ovaj dogovor nazivaju „kolonijalnim”, rekavši da je Srbija nova zapadna „rudarska kolonija”. Neki nemački komentatori se pitaju zašto Šolc posluje sa diktatorom. Ali odgovor na to je očigledan, nemačke i druge zapadne vlade, ili EU, nemaju primedbi na diktature koje rade za interese zapadnog krupnog kapitala. Imaju primedbe samo na one koji ne rade tako. Što se tiče srpskog naroda, njihovo mišljenje o EU je već dugo vrlo nisko, većina je protiv članstva Srbije u EU; sada je to mišljenje još niže.
 
Kapitalizam nije u stanju da pronađe istinska rešenja za degradaciju životne sredine i klimatske promene, problem koji je sam prouzrokovao. Tehnologije koje kapitalizam razvija takođe imaju profit kao polaznu tačku. Kapitalizam isključuje holistički pregled svih mogućih koristi ili opasnosti, on takođe isključuje demokratske odluke svih ljudi na koje te odluke utiču. Odluke se donose iza zatvorenih vrata, gde radnička klasa, mali poljoprivrednici i svi obični ljudi nemaju pristup. Ne smemo biti dovedeni u situaciju da moramo da biramo između dve štetne opcije koje kapitalistička automobilska industrija nameće. Samo u istinski demokratskom socijalističkom društvu i ekonomiji razvijaće se tehnologije koje donose istinsku korist svim ljudima i planeti.
 
Takođe ne smemo dozvoliti da se neokolonijalne zemlje prisiljavaju da plaćaju greške kapitalizma, kao što se ne sme dozvoliti da radnička klasa plati za kapitalističku krizu. U Srbiji se vodi bitka da se to zaustavi, ali to traje već dugo vremena preko zapadne (a sada i kineske) rudarske industrije u Africi i drugim neokolonijalnim delovima sveta, gde toksično i prekomerno rudarstvo zagađuje životnu sredinu i gde deca rade u rudnicima, za proizvode koji se prodaju na globalnom severu, koje zapadne vlade koriste kao „zelene poene“. Ovi „zeleni“ proizvodi uključuju i električna vozila, bar ona zasnovana na litijumskoj tehnologiji.
 
Vlada Srbije je izuzetno korumpirana, bez bilo kakvog zainteresovanja za obične ljude. Ona prodaje resurse (tačnije, poklanja), kao i slabo plaćene radnike, na globalnom kapitalističkom tržištu. Država čak plaća subvencije stranim kompanijama za svakog zaposlenog radnika, pri čemu su subvencije često veće od plata koje radnici primaju. Vlada takođe namerava da preda subvencije Rio Tintu, čime bi srpski narod platio za sopstveno uništenje.

Mobilizacija protiv rudnika je izuzetno pozitivan razvoj događaja među narodom Srbije, koji vidi neprijatelja i u srpskoj vladi i u stranom imperijalizmu. Značajno je i to što postoji saradnja aktivista širom Balkana, za sada uglavnom iz Srbije i Bosne, koja je takođe ugrožena rudarenjem. I srpska i bosanska vlada u toj saradnji vide pretnju i pokušavaju za uzvrat da potpiruju nacionalizam. Uopšte nije slučajno da je presuda Ustavnog suda bila 11. jula, na dan koji je nedavno određen rezolucijom UN o genocidu u Srebrenici. Vlada Srbije je iskoristila dan za ,,vijorenje zastave” i u  „odbranu srpskog naroda“ od svih imaginarnih neprijatelja, poput običnih Bošnjaka s druge strane granice, dok je bukvalno u isti čas prodavala srpski narod i zemlju pravom neprijatelju – kapitalističkim i imperijalističkim silama.

 Bitka za Jadar se može dobiti, kao što je dobijena i 2022. Ali kapitalizam je sam po sebi tlačiteljski i hijerarhijski sistem u kom veliki i moćni eksploatišu slabe. Da bi se trajno zaštitili od svake imperijalističke eksploatacije neophodna je promena u socijalističku ekonomiju koja sama po sebi zabranjuje ulaz stranog kapitala. Slabo plaćeni radnici i njihovi sindikati u Srbiji treba da se udruže sa malim poljoprivrednicima u borbi jer je neprijatelj jedan te isti. Međutim, socijalizam u svetskim razmerama bi značilo nepostojanje imperijalizma kao takvog i CWI je posvećen ovom zadatku.

Srpski režim će iskoristiti svaki trik u rukavu da pokrene projekat Jadar. Ali ljudi su odlučni i samouvereni – litijum se neće kopati.

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